TABLE
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………iv
Preface …………………………….……………………………………..v
Forward ………………………………………………………………….vi
Introduction ………………………………………………………………1
Types of Bone Male ………………………………………………………2
Economic and profitability of bone meal
production. …………………….4
Management and Conclusion ……………………………………………..5
Appendix Table ……………………………………………………………7
Management of main soil types …………………………………………..18
PERFACE
To contribute to the development of
viticulture Orchard plantations in Nigeria, to provide the knowledge and
technical skills for (1) above, to provide employment and bring about a change in
the Nigerian, Agro-Allied business in farming.
To help stabilized/sell Orchard produce
at both local and international level thereby conserving foreign currency for
Nigeria and helping interested bodies in enriching themselves.
To provide alternative to orthodox
farming of other crops only in Nigeria thereby opening doors of Orchard
development that could be interested parities, corporate bodies and
organizations, challenge is part of nature and humanity must always triumph at
the end.
To encourage, sustain and maintain the
interest of farmers through training skills, consultancy services, sales of
hybrid seeds, chemicals and other necessary accessories and equipment for
Orchard development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
I acknowledge the Almighty God for His
mercy and grace upon my life.
Thanks to my mentor, Dr. L.V RATNAM for
his kindness and imparting good ideas in viticulture and horticultural field.
Finally, I acknowledge the scholars
whose works were consulted in the cause of developing this work, God bless you
all.
MR.
UMAH E. UDOH
DEDICATION
I dedicate this book to the less
privilege and all the practical farmers in Nigeria.
I had many things to write but I will
not with ink and pen write unto thee.
BONE MEAL, ITS PRODUCTION, USE IN CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS.
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is a nation endowed with immense
natural resources that can aid her towards the best developmental path
unparalleled in the world history. This wealth depends to a great extend on its
optimal utilization.
Let us look at the agricultural and
industrial sectors. Nigeria today, thanks to God, is blessed with large expanse
of fertile soils which can grow so many crops, and produce animals of many
kinds to feed the nation and the large developing industries.
In processing crops and animals,
by-products are obtained, which can be used for crop and animals feeding. One of
such product is the BONE, and its processed form – the BONE MEAL.
DEFINITIONS:
THE BONE AND BONE MEAL
The bone can be defined as the pieces of
hard tissues making up the bodies of vertebrate animals’ skeleton. On its own
it is difficult to utilize except with some grinding. Grinding the bone with
say a Hammer mill, can produce powders. This powder is what is called a Bone
meal, which can be used as a fertilizer for plants or as a constituent of
animals feeds, as in poultry feeds.
COMPOSITION OF BONES
Bones generally are mainly composed to calcium
and phosphorus elements. However other elements occur in quantities. Such elements
include Magnesium, Nitrogen, Sulphur, and Chlorine. Appendix Table 1 gives a
profile of elements for various types of bones meals with other similar
products for comparison.
TYPES OF BONE MEAL
There are about three types of bone meal
available. These have emerged as a result of the various processes bones are
made to undergo before and during pulverization and use. These are;
Bone
Meal (Raw): This is meal made from
animal bones cooked in open vats or containers to remove meat and fat. It is
important to grind the bone meal fine, as its availability as a plants food
(fertilizer) depends largely upon the fineness. A typical nutrient profile is
given in Appendix Table 1.
Bone
Meal (steamed): When bones are
steamed under pressure, some of the cartilage in the bone is converted to
gelatin and dissolved. The steam bones are soft and chalky-like in character,
which makes them more quickly available as fertilizer material. See Appendix
Table 1 for contents.
Bone
Black Spent: When bones are heated
in close retorts similar to those used for making coke from coal, the residual
charcoal is known as bone black. it is for refining sugar and oil. After the bone black has been used
for something it becomes unfit for this to be used further, and is sold as “spent”
bone black or fertilizer manufactures. See Appendix Table 1.
TYPES OF BONES
A good supply of bone can come from refuse
collectors, abattoirs-both small and large, and butchers. These bones have
flesh and fats sticking on them and are degreased before being grind. Bones raw
steamed (see above) are always finely grinded before being applied to the soil.
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